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U.S. F-35 fighter jet with AN/APG-81 radar invisible destroyer before visual contact
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The U.S. F-35 Lightning II’s AN/APG-81 radar, built by Northrop Grumman, can detect and track enemy destroyers before visual contact. This advanced sensor turns the jet into a long-range intelligence and targeting platform that reshapes modern air combat.

The U.S. F-35 Lightning II fighter jet's dominance in modern air combat does not rest solely on stealth or speed. Its true power lies in what it can see before anyone else. Central to this capability is the AN/APG-81 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, developed by Northrop Grumman, which transforms the aircraft into a multi-domain combat platform. This radar does far more than detect targets. It empowers the F-35 to control the battlespace, identifying and tracking threats across the air and ground simultaneously, long before they become visible to adversaries.
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The AN/APG-81 AESA radar is housed in the F-35's nose, providing simultaneous air and ground threat detection and precision tracking. (Picture source: Northrop Grumman)

The AN/APG-81 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar offers simultaneous air-to-air and air-to-ground surveillance, a technological leap over previous-generation systems. It allows the F-35 to map terrain, detect moving ground targets, scan for low-observable airborne threats, and track cruise missiles, all in real time, and all without switching radar modes. This capability ensures continuous awareness in fast-changing combat scenarios, where threats can emerge from any vector at any moment. The radar functions in both active and passive modes, enabling it to detect electronic emissions from enemy systems without revealing the F-35’s own position. This passive surveillance is critical in contested environments where survivability depends on stealth and discretion.

Equipped with thousands of solid-state transmit/receive modules, the APG-81 uses advanced gallium arsenide (GaAs) technology to steer beams electronically. This eliminates the mechanical limitations of older systems, allowing the radar to scan multiple sectors in milliseconds. The result is a highly detailed, long-range picture of the battlespace that gives F-35 pilots unmatched situational awareness. Unlike legacy radars that feed isolated data to pilots, the APG-81 integrates with the F-35’s mission systems and Distributed Aperture System (DAS), fusing inputs from onboard sensors and external sources to present a single, prioritized tactical picture. This sensor fusion not only reduces pilot workload but also accelerates the decision-making cycle, a critical factor in modern air combat.

One of the APG-81’s most significant combat advantages is its integrated electronic attack capability. The radar can suppress or degrade enemy air defense systems by jamming or blinding tracking radars and missile guidance systems. This electronic warfare function is built directly into the radar’s hardware and software, making it an organic part of the F-35’s strike package. While some fourth-generation fighters, like the EA-18G Growler, offer electronic attack capabilities, they rely on external pods or specialized mission configurations. The F-35’s radar delivers these effects natively and covertly, allowing the aircraft to penetrate anti-access and area denial zones such as those protected by Russian S-400 or Chinese HQ-9 systems.

In exercises like Red Flag, F-35s equipped with the APG-81 have consistently demonstrated the ability to detect and engage threats before being seen themselves. U.S. Air Force reports confirm that the radar’s ability to cue weapons systems and share targeting data with allied platforms has reduced kill chain timelines from minutes to seconds. In practical terms, this gives the F-35 the coveted first-look, first-shot, first-kill advantage that defines fifth-generation warfare.

While other modern fighters have adopted AESA technology, none match the APG-81’s level of integration or multi-role functionality. The F-16 Viper now carries the AN/APG-83 SABR radar, and the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet fields the AN/APG-79, both AESA systems. Yet these platforms remain limited by their fourth-generation architecture, which lacks full sensor fusion and seamless passive-active operation. These radars provide significant range and reliability improvements over older mechanical systems, but they operate more like enhanced tools than the fully integrated combat brain that the APG-81 represents.

Russia’s Su-57 and China’s J-20 are believed to use AESA radars, N036 Byelka and KLJ-7A or KLJ-5 respectively, but their true capabilities remain unverified and may fall short of the APG-81’s demonstrated performance. Reports suggest that while these radars claim long-range detection and stealth tracking capabilities, they do not offer the same level of battlefield fusion, low-probability-of-intercept operation, or integrated electronic warfare that defines the F-35’s system. Moreover, many of these foreign AESA systems are still in early stages of operational maturity, whereas the APG-81 has flown thousands of combat hours across multiple U.S. and allied air forces.

With the upcoming Block 4 software upgrade, the APG-81 is set to gain even more advanced capabilities, including next-generation electronic attack modes, higher-resolution synthetic aperture radar imaging, adaptive target recognition using machine learning, and expanded threat libraries. These enhancements will ensure that the radar remains ahead of evolving threats well into the 2030s, further extending the F-35’s margin of superiority in any airspace it enters.

The APG-81 does not simply support the F-35’s mission. It defines it. Against legacy fighters, it offers an overwhelming sensor advantage. Against emerging peer systems, it remains a step ahead through integration, stealth compatibility, and multi-domain dominance. In the age of information-driven warfare, the radar is not just the eyes of the F-35. It is its brain.

Written by Alain Servaes – Chief Editor, Army Recognition Group
Alain Servaes is a former infantry non-commissioned officer and the founder of Army Recognition. With over 20 years in defense journalism, he provides expert analysis on military equipment, NATO operations, and the global defense industry.

🚨 WATCH: Inside the F-35’s “beast” radar — the AN/APG-81 AESA, built by Northrop Grumman.
It scans the skies and ground simultaneously, detecting threats long before they’re visible to others. pic.twitter.com/OD5EO9F0lV
— Defence Index (@Defence_Index) October 31, 2025
Exclusive: South Korea KF-21 Boramae Fighter Jet Enters Mass Production to Rival International Fifth Gen Competitors
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South Korea's defense aerospace industry has entered a transformative era with the official signing of the second production batch for the KF-21 Boramae fighter jet program. With 100 jets now contracted for delivery by 2032, the Korean government has reaffirmed its long-term vision to establish the country as a global defense technology leader. The KF-21, developed by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI), represents a significant leap forward in domestic military aviation capabilities, built upon a decade of rapid industrial expansion, R&D investment, and a strategic shift toward defense export competitiveness.
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KF-21 Boramae fighter jet displayed during ADEX 2023 in South Korea, highlighting the nation's advancements in indigenous combat aircraft development. (Picture source: Army Recognition)

Production of the South Korean KF-21 fighter jet formally began following two sequential contracts signed between KAI (Korea Aerospace Industries )and South Korea’s Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA). The first contract, covering 20 Block I fighters, was concluded in June 2024. A second identical contract for 20 additional units was signed in June 2025. These agreements secure the procurement of 40 Block I aircraft. According to the delivery timeline, the first 20 jets are scheduled for handover to the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) by 2027, followed by the remaining 20 by 2028. With the latest order for 60 additional aircraft expected to be Block II multirole variants, South Korea’s total acquisition goal remains fixed at 120 aircraft by 2032, establishing the KF-21 as the backbone of future ROKAF airpower.

Over the last ten years, South Korea’s defense aerospace sector has evolved from a licensed-production model to a vertically integrated ecosystem capable of independently designing, manufacturing, and exporting sophisticated combat aircraft, helicopters, satellites, and UAVs. Beginning with the T-50 Golden Eagle trainer jet co-developed with Lockheed Martin, South Korea successfully laid the groundwork for indigenous aircraft development, establishing advanced manufacturing lines, testing centers, and an integrated supply chain that now supports the KF-21 project and future export platforms.

The KF-21 program alone has employed more than 250 domestic suppliers, including Hanwha Systems for radar development, LIG Nex1 for EW and missile systems, and Korean Air for component manufacturing. The KF-21's AESA radar—developed in-house by the Agency for Defense Development and Hanwha—represents one of the most complex indigenous defense technologies ever completed in the country. In parallel, South Korea has dramatically increased its defense R&D budget, surpassing $5.3 billion annually by 2025, with aerospace programs receiving a substantial share.

The country’s aerospace industry has also expanded its global footprint. KAI has exported FA-50 light combat aircraft to countries including Iraq, the Philippines, Thailand, and Malaysia, with recent contracts signed with Poland and negotiations underway with Colombia and Peru. These exports are supported by favorable financing packages, co-production offers, and strong after-sales support structures. The success of the T-50/FA-50 line has directly reinforced South Korea's credibility as a reliable defense supplier and has created a launchpad for the KF-21 on the international stage.

KAI is concurrently developing advanced unmanned combat systems and AI-assisted autonomous flight technologies, further broadening the nation's aerospace defense ambitions. The company’s roadmap includes potential stealth UAV integration with KF-21 formations and the development of loyal wingman drones, modeled after systems like the Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat. These projects are intended to position South Korea as a future-focused player in manned-unmanned teaming warfare concepts.

Close view of the KF-21 Boramae at ADEX 2023 showcasing its twin-engine layout, advanced AESA radar, and modular weapons integration designed to support multirole combat missions. (Picture source: Army Recognition Group)

The KF-21 itself is a tangible result of this decade-long industrial surge. Block I aircraft will enter production first with multirole capabilities to follow under Block II. The Block I configuration focuses on air superiority, featuring ten external hardpoints, the Meteor BVRAAM, and advanced digital cockpits with glass touchscreen interfaces. Block II, in design finalization, will introduce limited internal weapons bays, advanced jamming and electronic countermeasure suites, and increased stealth shaping—aimed at missions deep into contested airspace. With the second production batch now secured, the total order for 120 KF-21 fighters ensures economies of scale and paves the way for further export opportunities. Indonesia, the program’s only international partner, has reiterated interest in acquiring 48 aircraft, and discussions continue around joint production and technology transfer.

In terms of technical characteristics, the KF-21 presents several unique features that differentiate it from its global competitors in the current generation of fighter aircraft. When compared to the Turkish KAAN fighter, the KF-21 benefits from a more mature industrial ecosystem and production-readiness advantage. While KAAN aspires to full fifth-generation status with internal bays and a stealth-optimized design, it remains in the prototype stage, with initial flight testing ongoing and series production unlikely before 2029. In contrast, the KF-21 Block I is already in the production phase and features limited stealth shaping, digital flight systems, and an advanced South Korean-developed AESA radar, offering earlier operational deployment and cost stability for export customers.

Against the Eurofighter Typhoon, the KF-21 provides a newer-generation digital cockpit, open mission architecture, and lower lifecycle costs. While the Eurofighter offers high-end performance and multirole versatility, its architecture is based on 1990s-era systems. The KF-21, built around a modular avionics structure, is more easily adaptable to emerging combat technologies, sensor upgrades, and weapons packages from multiple vendors.

When compared to the Dassault Rafale, the KF-21 stands out with its twin-engine configuration and long-term upgrade roadmap. Although the Rafale has a proven combat record and internal system integration advantages, the KF-21 offers a cost-effective platform with broader weapons compatibility and a strategic emphasis on industrial collaboration. Its indigenous software and radar systems reduce reliance on foreign suppliers, making it more attractive to non-aligned countries seeking autonomy in their defense acquisitions.

Compared to the American F-35A, the KF-21 does not match the full spectrum of stealth and sensor fusion capabilities. However, it offers a significantly lower acquisition and operational cost. It also avoids export limitations imposed by ITAR and political considerations often attached to U.S. defense technology. This makes the KF-21 a viable alternative for countries that either cannot obtain the F-35 or prefer a more open and cooperative technology partnership model. Furthermore, the KF-21’s open architecture is designed for easier integration of regional or indigenous munitions, unlike the F-35’s tightly controlled weapons suite.

Finally, in comparison to the Swedish JAS-39E Gripen, the KF-21 surpasses it in terms of payload capacity, range, and multi-role versatility. While Gripen remains a leading platform in terms of cost efficiency and electronic warfare, the KF-21’s twin-engine configuration provides superior thrust and survivability. Both platforms share a philosophy of rapid technology integration, but South Korea’s industrial scalability and government-backed financing support give the KF-21 a competitive edge in long-term export potential.

As production accelerates under the new contracts, the KF-21 will not only become a central pillar of South Korean air power but will also redefine its standing in the global fighter aircraft market. Offering a rare combination of technological sophistication, production readiness, and strategic export flexibility, the KF-21 Boramae is poised to secure its place among the most significant next-generation fighter programs of this decade.
Technology: U.S. Raytheon Successfully Flight Tests PhantomStrike Radar Offering Real-Time Multi-Target Detection and Tracking
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American company Raytheon, a business unit of RTX, announced on May 6, 2025, a significant achievement and pivotal milestone in radar technology with the successful first flight test of its PhantomStrike next-generation airborne radar system. The test was conducted on the company’s Multi-Program Testbed aircraft in Ontario, California. This event marks a new chapter in the development of lightweight, high-performance radar systems capable of integration across a broad range of military platforms. During the flight, the PhantomStrike system demonstrated its operational readiness by effectively tracking multiple airborne targets and producing high-resolution terrain maps—underscoring its superior situational awareness capabilities.
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Raytheon’s PhantomStrike radar in action: visualizing real-time detection, tracking, and prioritization of multiple airborne targets during a simulated combat mission—highlighting its compact design and integration on lightweight aircraft platforms. (Picture source: Raytheon)

Raytheon PhantomStrike represents a leap forward in radar technology—bringing the sophisticated capabilities typically reserved for high-end fighter jets into a radically smaller, lighter, and more affordable package. For those unfamiliar with radar systems, PhantomStrike functions as the “eyes” of a combat aircraft, but with a level of intelligence and agility that far surpasses traditional radar. Most legacy radars rely on rotating antennas to scan the airspace, limiting speed and flexibility. PhantomStrike, on the other hand, employs active electronically scanned array (AESA) technology, which uses electronically controlled beams to detect, track, and prioritize multiple targets in real-time, even in challenging and contested environments.

What makes PhantomStrike unique is its engineering. It is the world’s first fully air-cooled AESA radar powered by gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductors. GaN allows for higher power output and improved efficiency while keeping heat generation low—an essential trait in the harsh operational environments of military aviation. Unlike conventional radar systems that require liquid cooling and substantial space, PhantomStrike’s air-cooled system is compact and easy to maintain, opening the door to installation on platforms previously unable to accommodate advanced radar technologies.

Despite its small size—roughly half the weight of a standard AESA radar—PhantomStrike offers full-spectrum fire-control capabilities. It can conduct long-range detection of airborne threats, map terrain with exceptional detail, and support simultaneous tracking of multiple targets. Its integration of Raytheon’s CHIRP (Compact High-reliability Integrated Receiver/Exciter Processor) provides the radar with lightning-fast digital beam agility and multi-mode operation, enabling aircraft to transition instantly between air-to-air, air-to-ground, and navigation missions without compromising performance.

PhantomStrike’s compact dimensions and lower power requirements make it suitable for a wide range of platforms beyond just high-end fighter jets. These include light-attack aircraft, uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), helicopters, and even ground-based towers. This versatility ensures that modern radar capabilities can be deployed across a broader array of assets, improving fleet-wide effectiveness without the cost of purchasing or developing entirely new aircraft.

Raytheon has also prioritized ease of integration and long-term flexibility by designing PhantomStrike with an open mission systems architecture. This means the radar can be upgraded or modified with new software and hardware as missions evolve, without requiring a complete system overhaul. For international partners and U.S. allies, this capability offers not just tactical advantage but long-term investment value. Approved for direct commercial sales (DCS), PhantomStrike can be delivered and fielded rapidly, without delays typically associated with government-to-government defense exports.

The radar is already in production at multiple sites, including facilities in Forest, Mississippi; Tucson, Arizona; and Scotland, with support from Raytheon UK. This multinational production base underscores Raytheon’s intent to meet growing international demand and strengthen global defense capabilities through scalable, future-ready technologies.

PhantomStrike is more than just a new radar—it is a strategic shift in how combat aircraft are equipped for modern warfare. By enabling advanced situational awareness, threat tracking, and targeting precision on a wide variety of platforms, Raytheon is redefining the boundaries of airborne combat systems. Whether mounted on next-generation UAVs, legacy aircraft, or mobile battlefield towers, PhantomStrike delivers the radar vision of a fifth-generation fighter to a much wider and more versatile range of platforms, reshaping the future of aerial combat with speed, power, and affordability.
Can US air defense systems really intercept China's new Jiutian high-altitude drone over the Taiwan Strait?
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On April 28, 2025, Zhao DaShuai claimed that China's new Jiutian super-high altitude, long-endurance drone could operate beyond the reach of nearly all air defense systems thanks to its 15,000-meter flight ceiling. Unveiled at the 15th Zhuhai Airshow, the Jiutian could potentially bypass many traditional air defense systems and conduct sustained operations over contested areas. However, can these advantages truly ensure that the Jiutian remains beyond the reach of modern high-altitude interception systems deployed by other countries in the region?
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The Jiutian UAV incorporates a modular payload bay allowing rapid mission switching between electronic warfare, cargo transport, reconnaissance, and strike roles. (Picture source: Weibo/高山CG)

China has introduced the Jiutian (SS-UAV) super-high altitude, long-endurance drone at the 15th Zhuhai Airshow in November 2024. Developed by the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), in collaboration with the First Aircraft Institute, Shaanxi Unmanned Equipment Technology Co., and Guangzhou Digital Technology's Haige Communications subsidiary, the Jiutian drone is designed as a large, flexible-configured UAV. It has a maximum takeoff weight of 16 tons, a wingspan of 25 meters, a flight ceiling of 15,000 meters, a maximum speed of 700 km/h, and an operational range of 7000 kilometers, with some modules extending endurance to 36 hours. It is powered by a high-thrust turbofan engine, equipped with eight underwing hardpoints, and features a modular "Isomerism Hive Module" capable of deploying smaller drones for reconnaissance, electronic warfare, or strike missions.

The Jiutian UAV incorporates a modular payload bay allowing rapid mission switching between electronic warfare, cargo transport, reconnaissance, and strike roles. It integrates quantum-encrypted communications, hydrogen-fueled propulsion systems, and supermaterial-based radar cross-section reduction technology. The UAV is also equipped with AI-based swarm control algorithms to maintain functionality under electromagnetic interference. The drone's capability to launch swarms of smaller UAVs enables saturation attacks or distributed surveillance missions, depending on operational requirements.

Claims regarding the Jiutian's operational ceiling indicate that with its ability to reach 15,000 meters, it could operate beyond the engagement capabilities of many medium-range air defense systems currently deployed worldwide. Systems with engagement ceilings below 15 kilometers, such as older Soviet-era SAM systems and some medium-range interceptors, would be unable to effectively counter the Jiutian at its cruising altitude. In these scenarios, the Jiutian could conduct missions with reduced risk of interception, maintaining persistent surveillance and targeting operations in airspaces lacking modern high-altitude defenses.

However, advanced air defense systems are capable of engaging aerial threats operating at or beyond 15 kilometers. The U.S. THAAD system can intercept targets at altitudes up to 150 kilometers, while the Patriot PAC-3 system and South Korea's KM-SAM Block II both have operational ceilings around 20 kilometers. Japan's Aegis BMD destroyers and Taiwan's Sky Bow III system also possess the capability to intercept targets at high altitudes. Therefore, in regions protected by such modern systems, the Jiutian would still face significant threats despite its operational altitude, requiring the People's Liberation Army to secure localized air superiority or implement countermeasures to reduce interception risks.

Strategically, the Jiutian is positioned to support operations following the establishment of air superiority, conducting persistent surveillance, precision strikes, and acting as a command center for drone swarms. It is intended for missions across the Taiwan Strait, South China Sea, and potentially extended missions toward strategic targets such as Guam. Its modular configuration enables adaptability for different mission profiles, including border patrol, disaster relief, and logistic support, under both military and civilian contexts.

The Jiutian is part of China's broader effort to develop advanced UAV capabilities, following platforms like the Wing Loong and Caihong series, which have seen operational use internationally. It combines endurance attributes similar to the RQ-4 Global Hawk with strike capabilities comparable to the MQ-9 Reaper, while adding the capability to deploy drone swarms, which is not present in the American systems. While official data outlines these features, the Jiutian's operational performance has not yet been independently verified in combat situations.

The project reflects significant investment, with more than three billion yuan allocated, full domestic production, and a manufacturing chain covering all stages from component fabrication to system integration. Haige Communications and associated entities developed digital twin environments for testing, integrated hydrogen fuel technologies, and employed quantum communication protocols to enhance mission reliability. The Jiutian project is aimed at achieving rapid development cycles, with the fourth prototype assembled by April 2025, following a project launch in late 2023.

In terms of civil applications, the Jiutian's modularity supports missions such as emergency logistics, aerial surveillance, and search and rescue operations. Future operational concepts include deployment from amphibious assault ships like the 076-class, expanding China's offshore UAV operational capabilities. Deployment strategies envision the drone acting as a force multiplier in coordinated operations involving aircraft carriers and unmanned swarm assets. While some analysts highlight the operational advantages of reduced personnel risk and increased operational reach offered by AI-controlled swarm operations, others warn of destabilization risks associated with lower conflict thresholds.
Focus: Saab integrates human-machine collaboration and AI into Gripen fighter jet to enhance air combat operations
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In today’s evolving battlefield, victory often hinges not on who has the fastest aircraft or the most firepower, but on who can make critical decisions a few seconds faster than the opponent. Recognizing this decisive factor, Saab’s Gripen fighter jet introduces a revolutionary shift from traditional Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) to what is now known as Human-Machine Collaboration (HMC). This evolution, underpinned by cutting-edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies, transforms the relationship between pilot and machine into a dynamic partnership, changing the very nature of air combat operations.
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Saab integrates human-machine collaboration and AI technologies into the Gripen fighter jet, enhancing pilot situational awareness and decision speed. (Picture source: Editing Army Recognition Group)

Unlike earlier generations of fighter jets, where Human-Machine Interaction focused mainly on simplifying controls and enhancing cockpit ergonomics, the Gripen’s philosophy of Human-Machine Collaboration means the aircraft actively supports the pilot’s cognitive and tactical processes. The machine is no longer a passive tool but an intelligent participant, capable of processing vast streams of sensor data, interpreting threats, proposing tactical responses, and even predicting enemy maneuvers in real time. Saab’s integration of AI (Artificial Intelligence)ensures that the Gripen acts not merely as an extension of the pilot’s will but as an intelligent advisor, helping to manage information overload and reducing the time needed to make life-or-death decisions.

When we talk about the Gripen being "AI-powered," it means that the aircraft’s onboard systems can think and learn in a way that mimics human decision-making, but much faster and more precisely. Artificial Intelligence allows the jet to recognize patterns, prioritize threats, suggest maneuvers, and even adapt to new combat situations without needing direct human programming each time. In simple terms, the Gripen’s AI transforms data into meaningful actions, helping pilots stay ahead of the enemy by seeing, analyzing, and reacting quicker than ever before.

At the core of this capability is a suite of AI-powered systems embedded in the Gripen’s avionics and mission computer. These systems perform sensor fusion, combining data from radar, infrared search and track (IRST) sensors, electronic warfare suites, and communication networks into a single, coherent operational picture. Through sophisticated algorithms, the Gripen can prioritize and display only the most mission-critical information, allowing the pilot to maintain situational awareness without being overwhelmed by extraneous data. The AI acts as a filter and a guide, ensuring that the pilot’s attention is focused where it matters most.

Machine learning technologies further enhance this collaboration by enabling the aircraft to learn from operational data. The Gripen can analyze patterns of previous engagements and adjust its threat assessment models accordingly, offering predictive insights rather than merely reactive support. This ability to adapt in real time to the evolving dynamics of the battlefield means that every sortie strengthens the bond between human and machine, making the collaboration more efficient and effective with each mission.

Saab’s latest variants, the Gripen E and Gripen F, epitomize this advanced integration. Designed with future threats in mind, the Gripen E/F includes an enhanced electronic warfare suite, the powerful AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) radar, and a cutting-edge IRST system. These platforms integrate open-architecture mission systems, allowing for continuous upgrades and seamless incorporation of future AI technologies. The Gripen E in particular brings a significant increase in processing power and sensor fusion capabilities, ensuring that pilots can maintain situational dominance even in highly contested electromagnetic environments.

The benefits of Human-Machine Collaboration in the Gripen E/F are profound. It shortens the critical Observe-Orient-Decide-Act (OODA) loop, allowing pilots to be the first to detect, assess, and engage threats. It empowers them with decision superiority, providing those precious extra seconds that can mean the difference between mission success and failure. Moreover, by automating routine tasks such as countermeasure deployment and threat prioritization, the aircraft frees the pilot to concentrate on high-level tactical decision-making, transforming them from a traditional operator into a true battle manager.

The implications for future air warfare are significant. Human-Machine Collaboration will enable fighter pilots to manage increasingly complex battlespaces characterized by multi-domain threats, electronic attacks, and information saturation. AI-driven collaboration will not only enhance survivability but also allow pilots to orchestrate mixed forces involving unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), ground assets, and naval elements in real time. Gripen’s HMC technologies lay the foundation for next-generation capabilities such as Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T), where intelligent systems and autonomous drones can work seamlessly alongside human pilots, enhancing mission flexibility and lethality.

In an era where speed of thought and action outweigh pure kinetic capability, Saab’s Gripen fighter jet stands at the forefront of a paradigm shift. It transforms the aircraft from a sophisticated flying machine into a cognitive extension of the pilot’s will—a true collaborative partner in battle. By fostering genuine collaboration between human and machine, Saab ensures that Gripen pilots are not only better informed but fundamentally better equipped to dominate the complex and contested skies of tomorrow’s battlespaces. In a world where milliseconds can decide the outcome, Human-Machine Collaboration provides the decisive edge—and Gripen pilots are trained to exploit it to the fullest.
Technology: Türkiye Advances Indigenous Air-to-Air Arsenal with GÖKHAN Ramjet Missile Design Completion
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Türkiye has successfully completed the preliminary design phase of its indigenous GÖKHAN ramjet-powered air-to-air missile, a major step forward in the country's ambition to develop a domestically produced long-range missile system capable of engaging aerial threats beyond visual range. This advancement comes as part of the "National Ramjet Powered Air-to-Air Missile (GÖKHAN) Development Project," initiated under a contract signed between the Ministry of National Defense and TÜBİTAK SAGE on May 21, 2021.
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Conceptual illustration of Türkiye’s GÖKHAN ramjet-powered air-to-air missile, designed for beyond-visual-range engagements and integration on F-16 and KAAN fighter aircraft. (Picture source: Army Recognition Group)

The GÖKHAN project aims to equip the Turkish Air Force with a new generation of air-to-air missiles designed to establish air superiority in contested environments. The program focuses on the creation of a missile system with ramjet propulsion, which enables sustained high-speed flight over extended ranges. While official specifications have not been disclosed, early estimates suggest that GÖKHAN will be capable of striking targets at distances exceeding 100 km.

With the completion of both the Conceptual Design Phase and the Preliminary Design Phase, the project has now entered the Ground Tests Phase. This stage will involve detailed subsystem evaluations, system-level verifications, and the start of flight and firing tests. These tests are expected to validate the missile’s propulsion behavior, guidance system performance, structural integrity, and aerodynamic characteristics under real-world conditions.

GÖKHAN’s propulsion is based on a ramjet engine, which uses atmospheric oxygen for combustion during flight. This gives the missile a significant advantage over conventional solid-fueled systems, allowing it to maintain speed throughout its engagement envelope. Ramjet technology increases the missile’s no-escape zone and terminal maneuvering capability, making it especially effective against fast-moving and maneuvering airborne targets at long distances.

The missile will initially be integrated on Türkiye’s upgraded F-16 fighter jets, serving as a key enabler of long-range interception and self-defense capabilities. It will later be adapted for the KAAN National Combat Aircraft, Türkiye’s indigenous fifth-generation stealth fighter currently under development by Turkish Aerospace Industries. The pairing of GÖKHAN with KAAN will result in a fully Turkish-made air combat system, reducing reliance on foreign suppliers and enhancing national defense autonomy.

The GÖKHAN project reflects the rapid maturation of Türkiye’s defense industry over the past decade. Turkish defense institutions — including TÜBİTAK SAGE, ASELSAN, ROKETSAN, and HAVELSAN — have expanded their technological base through sustained investment in critical defense systems. TÜBİTAK SAGE, the lead developer of GÖKHAN, has previously delivered successful guided munitions such as the GÖKDOĞAN and BOZDOĞAN air-to-air missiles, as well as the SOM cruise missile and a series of guidance kits for precision strike.

The development of GÖKHAN places Türkiye among the few NATO member states pursuing ramjet-powered missile systems. Comparable efforts in Europe have produced the MBDA Meteor, while similar technologies are in development or operation in countries such as India, China, and Russia. By completing the preliminary design phase and advancing toward live testing, Türkiye demonstrates not only the technical viability of its program but also its strategic intent to develop advanced deterrent capabilities in the air domain.

Once fielded, GÖKHAN will enhance the Turkish Air Force’s ability to protect high-value assets, defend against enemy fighters and missile carriers, and provide long-range engagement options in complex air defense environments. Its integration on both current and next-generation aircraft platforms ensures that Türkiye will possess a scalable and sustainable capability to maintain air dominance.

As the program moves into the next testing phases, additional technical data and performance results are expected to be released. The continued progress of GÖKHAN signals Türkiye’s intent to assert a more independent and technologically advanced posture in aerial warfare, consolidating the role of its national defense industry in supporting long-term strategic goals.
China’s Secret Fighter Project Unveiled What We Know About the New J-50 Stealth Jet
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In early April 2025, newly published images circulating on Chinese social media platforms ignited a wave of speculation and analysis within the global defense community. These pictures, which appear to show a futuristic, tailless stealth aircraft conducting taxiing and possibly low-altitude flight tests near the Shenyang Aircraft Corporation’s facilities in Liaoning Province, are believed to depict China's long-rumored sixth-generation fighter jet, unofficially designated as the J-50.
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Chinese J-50 sixth-generation fighter jet is seen in a rare image published on China's Weibo platform, which is believed to show early flight trials. (Picture source: Weibo Chinese Social Network)

Though the aircraft’s existence has not been formally confirmed by Chinese authorities, the emergence of these visuals—showing a sharply swept wing design, ventral intakes, and a smooth radar-absorbent fuselage—provides the strongest public indication yet that China is accelerating its next-generation air combat ambitions. This article draws on the newly released images, as well as insights from open-source intelligence and expert commentary, to assess the development, features, and international ramifications of the J-50 program.

The J-50 stealth fighter jet presents a configuration strongly reminiscent of conceptual designs associated with sixth-generation fighters. Notably, it lacks vertical stabilizers—a key feature aimed at reducing radar visibility—and features a lambda-shaped, blended wing-body structure that is optimized for stealth and aerodynamic efficiency. The fuselage shows no apparent external weapons bays, suggesting an internal carriage system consistent with low-observable doctrine. According to several open-source defense analysts, this configuration aligns with trends observed in U.S. and European sixth-gen programs such as the Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) and Future Combat Air System (FCAS).

While official specifications are unavailable, open-source assessments suggest the J-50 may incorporate a number of features that define sixth-generation platforms. These include artificial intelligence-supported mission management, network-centric warfare integration, optionally manned capability, and the ability to control loyal wingman drones in complex combat scenarios. The use of advanced composite materials and active stealth technologies, possibly including adaptive skin or electronic cloaking, is also speculated. Furthermore, propulsion may rely on a next-generation turbofan engine—possibly a variant of the WS-15—designed to support supercruise and enhanced thermal signature management. These assumptions remain speculative, but they are consistent with China’s documented research in these areas over the past decade.

The emergence of the J-50 must be understood within the broader evolution of China’s defense aerospace industry. Over the last twenty years, China has transformed from an importer and copier of foreign technologies into an increasingly self-reliant innovator. This evolution was marked by the introduction of the J-20 Mighty Dragon, China’s first operational fifth-generation stealth fighter, and the ongoing development of the FC-31 Gyrfalcon, a lighter stealth aircraft reportedly intended for carrier operations or export. The J-50 now appears to represent the next major leap forward, aligning with China's strategic ambition to achieve technological parity—or superiority—in key military domains.

Reports from Chinese defense forums and satellite tracking of activity around SAC’s facilities suggest that development of the J-50 began in earnest sometime after 2018, likely under a classified high-priority program. The aircraft’s sudden appearance in early 2025, therefore, reflects both sustained investment and rapid prototyping cycles, possibly facilitated by digital engineering methods and modular avionics architecture. If the program follows the timeline of the J-20, initial low-rate production could begin before 2030, positioning China as a frontrunner in the sixth-generation race.

Strategically, the J-50 may have a significant impact on regional and global airpower balances. If designed for carrier operations—a possibility given China's investment in catapult-equipped aircraft carriers such as the Fujian (Type 003)—the J-50 could dramatically enhance China’s ability to conduct blue-water operations. Such a platform would give the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) a true fifth- or sixth-generation capability at sea, closing a gap with the U.S. Navy’s F-35C and future NGAD systems.

At the geopolitical level, the introduction of a sixth-generation fighter by China adds a new layer of complexity to global defense planning. For neighboring countries such as Japan, India, and Taiwan, the potential deployment of the J-50 increases the urgency of domestic fighter modernization programs. Japan is already partnered with the UK and Italy in the GCAP project, while India continues to develop its Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). For NATO countries and the United States, the development of the J-50 may serve as a catalyst to accelerate the testing and fielding of their own sixth-generation platforms, reinforcing a new arms competition centered on air dominance, AI integration, and autonomous capabilities.

In parallel, the appearance of the J-50 raises concerns regarding China’s future export strategy. While sixth-generation technologies are unlikely to be exported in the near term, China has shown a pattern of developing high-end domestic variants while producing simplified versions for foreign customers. If a downgraded J-50 derivative were to be offered to key partners such as Pakistan or Middle Eastern states, it could reshape global fighter markets and undermine Western defense export dominance.

The J-50’s appearance also highlights the growing maturity of China’s defense-industrial base. Chinese engineers are now capable of designing, testing, and fielding complex stealth aircraft without foreign support. More importantly, the country's ability to maintain program secrecy while progressing rapidly suggests a high level of internal coordination and state-backed prioritization. These capabilities may extend beyond manned aircraft to include autonomous systems, hypersonic weapons, and next-generation sensors—all of which are components of an integrated future battlespace.

While much remains unknown about the J-50—its precise role, avionics suite, engine performance, and weapons systems—the emergence of its first images provides a compelling indication of China’s strategic trajectory. The sixth-generation fighter era is no longer a distant objective but a competitive reality, and China is determined to be a leader rather than a follower.

The appearance of the J-50 in newly surfaced imagery marks a turning point in global military aviation. Whether this aircraft is a prototype, a testbed, or an early production model, it confirms that China is actively working to shape the next generation of air warfare. The pace of development, coupled with the sophistication of its design, suggests that the strategic and technological race for sixth-generation dominance is now fully underway—and it may not unfold on Western terms.
Exclusive: What Is US F-47? Inside Boeing’s Next-Generation Stealth Fighter That Will Redefine Air Dominance
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The United States has officially selected Boeing’s F-47 as the centerpiece of the Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program, marking a transformative step in the future of American aerial warfare. In a historic announcement, former President Donald Trump confirmed the $20 billion contract award to Boeing, ending months of speculation about which defense giant would take the lead on the U.S. Air Force’s most ambitious fighter program in decades.
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Artist's rendering of the U.S. Air Force’s Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) platform, featuring the sixth-generation F-47 stealth fighter. The NGAD system is designed to deliver cutting-edge capabilities and maintain air superiority for the Joint Force in future high-end conflicts. (U.S. Air Force graphic)

But what exactly is the F-47, and why is it set to become the most important combat aircraft of the 21st century?

At its core, the F-47 is a sixth-generation stealth fighter—an advanced, manned platform designed not only to replace the aging F-22 Raptor fleet but to operate as the nerve center of a highly networked, multi-domain warfighting system. This is not merely a better fighter jet; it is a fundamentally new way of conducting air dominance operations in highly contested environments.

Developed under the NGAD (Next Generation Air Dominance) umbrella, the F-47 is part of a broader “system-of-systems” strategy that blends manned fighters, autonomous drones (known as Collaborative Combat Aircraft, or CCA), cutting-edge sensor suites, and artificial intelligence. The goal is to deliver air superiority not just through raw performance, but through information dominance, interoperability, and adaptability.

Boeing’s design, unveiled with limited detail due to classification, is based on a sleek, blended wing-body structure that ditches traditional fighter geometry in favor of extreme stealth and aerodynamic efficiency. The airframe is believed to incorporate multispectral stealth technologies that reduce visibility across radar, infrared, acoustic, and electronic spectrums. Engineers have hinted at the integration of active stealth features—possibly systems that can dynamically alter the aircraft’s emissions in response to threats or mission needs.

Under the skin, the F-47 is powered by a next-generation variable-cycle adaptive engine, likely derived from the Air Force's NGAP (Next Generation Adaptive Propulsion) program. This revolutionary propulsion system is capable of switching performance modes in real time—balancing high-speed thrust and long-range fuel efficiency, while managing heat signature to enhance survivability.

Yet it is the aircraft’s brain, not its brawn, that may prove most decisive in future wars. The F-47 is being built around a fully digital cockpit environment and a battle management system enhanced by artificial intelligence. Instead of simply flying the aircraft, the pilot becomes a mission commander, orchestrating a network of semi-autonomous drones and manned platforms across domains.

This AI integration enables the F-47 to dynamically prioritize threats, process sensor data at machine speed, and even learn from battlefield conditions in real time. The fighter will also serve as a control hub for multiple CCA drones—unmanned aircraft capable of conducting electronic warfare, ISR missions, or carrying additional weapons into combat as loyal wingmen.

The platform is also built with open-systems architecture, a critical feature in ensuring it can be upgraded rapidly as threats evolve. Boeing’s emphasis on software modularity and plug-and-play capability means the F-47 can integrate new sensors, weapons, and mission systems on accelerated timelines compared to traditional fighters. It will be fully compatible with the Pentagon’s Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) vision, ensuring seamless connectivity across land, air, sea, space, and cyber theaters.

Strategically, the F-47 is being developed with a particular eye on the Indo-Pacific region, where the vast distances and growing threat posed by China’s integrated air defenses require a fighter that can operate independently and deep within contested territory. Its extended range, stealth profile, and drone coordination capabilities make it ideally suited for penetrating anti-access/area-denial (A2/AD) bubbles—an increasingly urgent capability in U.S. military planning.

“This aircraft is not about dominating a dogfight,” a Boeing executive said anonymously. “It’s about dominating the entire battlespace. The F-47 will be the most intelligent, connected, and lethal air platform the U.S. has ever built.”

The selection of Boeing over Lockheed Martin—long seen as the front-runner due to its work on the F-22, F-35, and early NGAD demonstrators—signals a shift in priorities and industrial strategy. It also breathes new life into Boeing’s defense aviation unit, particularly its fighter production facilities in St. Louis, Missouri.

Although the F-47 has reportedly been undergoing secret flight testing for several years, it now enters the next phase: full-scale development, testing, and eventual production. The Air Force aims to achieve initial operational capability by 2030, though experts warn of significant challenges ahead. At an estimated cost exceeding $300 million per aircraft, the F-47 will be one of the most expensive fighters ever produced, raising questions about procurement scale, sustainment costs, and long-term affordability.

Beyond cost, the program must navigate the complex ethical and operational questions posed by AI-assisted warfare, autonomous teaming, and human-machine command authority. How these challenges are addressed will shape not only the future of the F-47 but the very nature of airpower in the coming decades.

Still, the F-47’s emergence as the centerpiece of NGAD represents a watershed moment in military aviation. As great-power competition returns to the forefront of global affairs, the United States is betting that the fusion of stealth, speed, intelligence, and autonomy will give its warfighters the edge in the skies of tomorrow.
CH-YH1000 Chinese Unmanned Transport Aircraft Passes Crucial Test Phase
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The CH-YH1000, a transport drone developed by the Chinese company Aerospace CH UAV Co Ltd, has recently completed a full-load taxiing test under real operational conditions at Zhanghe Airport in Jingmen, located in Hubei Province. This test, conducted on January 19, 2025, marks a significant step forward in the development of this unmanned aircraft, which is intended for logistical transport, emergency relief, and military support missions.

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During the test, the CH-YH1000 was put to the test under real conditions, moving across the airport runway with a full load while checking the functionality of its essential systems, such as propulsion, brakes, and low-speed maneuvers. (Picture source: Social Media)

During the test, the CH-YH1000 was put to the test under real conditions, moving across the airport runway with a full load while checking the functionality of its essential systems, such as propulsion, brakes, and low-speed maneuvers. The drone demonstrated excellent stability and the ability to adjust its speed smoothly, confirming its reliability in demanding transport scenarios.

The objective of this test was to simulate the normal operating conditions of the aircraft, including takeoff and landing, to ensure it could function effectively in various environments and situations. Following the successful test, engineers at CH UAV announced that additional adjustments would be made before the CH-YH1000's inaugural flight, which is expected in the coming months.

The CH-YH1000 stands out due to its 1,000-kilogram payload capacity, a feature that makes it a key player in logistics operations, particularly in military and humanitarian contexts. The drone is designed to carry heavy loads while maintaining low energy consumption, allowing for long-duration missions. It is capable of flying for over 10 hours, making it highly competitive in its class.

With a maximum takeoff weight of 2,300 kilograms, a top speed of 200 km/h, and a flight ceiling of 8,000 meters, the CH-YH1000 possesses characteristics that make it suitable for a wide range of missions, including in conflict zones or regions affected by natural disasters. Its ability to take off and land on short runways and difficult terrain is a major advantage, potentially extending its use in hard-to-reach environments.

The CH-YH1000 is part of a broader push to develop transport drones in China, where these technologies are viewed as innovative and cost-effective solutions for modernizing logistics capabilities. These drones can replace traditional vehicles for difficult transport missions, especially in remote regions or wartime conditions where conventional transport infrastructure may be damaged or nonexistent.

China's progress in the field of transport drones highlights the growing importance of the unmanned mobility industry. The success of the CH-YH1000 could also boost the export of this technology, particularly to countries seeking robust and effective unmanned transport solutions.

The successful taxiing tests of the CH-YH1000 further solidify China's position as a major player in the development of transport drones. Ultimately, these aircraft could play a crucial role in complex military scenarios, as well as in humanitarian missions such as delivering medical supplies or disaster relief.

China continues to actively research and invest in the field of transport drones, to make these aircraft more accessible and efficient. Thanks to its capacity to carry heavy loads and its operational flexibility, the CH-YH1000 represents a significant step forward for the country in modernizing its logistics capabilities, and it could become a strategic tool for a wide range of sectors, from military to humanitarian.

The development of the CH-YH1000 thus reflects China's ambition to position itself as a leader in the field of unmanned aeronautical technologies, a rapidly expanding sector on the global scale. This full-load taxiing test represents an important milestone, and further tests are expected before the CH-YH1000 is ready for its first operational mission.
Analysis: US F-16 Fighting Falcon Fighter Jet Mastering All Weather Combat for Day and Night Operations
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On November 21, 2024, an F-16 Fighting Falcon from the 122nd Fighter Wing at Fort Wayne, Indiana, was spotted on the ramp during the first snowfall of the year. This iconic multi-role fighter aircraft, known for its exceptional agility, symbolizes air superiority and is a key asset for modern air forces operating in harsh and ever-changing weather conditions. From snowstorms to clear skies, the F-16’s combat readiness remains uncompromised, underscoring its role as a versatile, all-weather fighter that operates equally efficiently day and night.
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A U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter jet from the 122nd Fighter Wing stands on the ramp amid the season’s first snowfall at Fort Wayne, Indiana, on November 21, 2024 (Picture source: U.S. DoD)

The U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter jet has long been celebrated for its versatility in combat operations. Its capabilities extend far beyond air-to-air combat, offering a robust platform for air-to-ground strikes, reconnaissance, and suppression of enemy air defenses. However, its standout feature remains its all-weather combat proficiency, which is pivotal in maintaining operational effectiveness, regardless of environmental challenges. One of the most critical features that enable the F-16 to operate effectively in all weather conditions is its advanced avionics suite. This includes sophisticated radar systems, sensors, and targeting pods designed to perform even in low-visibility or inclement weather scenarios. For instance, the AN/APG-83 SABR radar (Scalable Agile Beam Radar) significantly enhances the F-16's situational awareness by allowing it to track targets in diverse weather conditions, including precipitation, cloud cover, and low-light environments.

The F-16’s weather radar is designed to detect not only enemy aircraft but also storm formations, thus enabling pilots to navigate through hazardous weather safely. The radar system, integrated with other avionics, assists in tracking both air and ground targets, making the F-16 particularly effective during both daytime and nighttime missions. Additionally, the infrared targeting systems and night vision sensors ensure that the aircraft can execute precision strikes during low-light and nighttime conditions, making it a true multirole asset in all weather scenarios.

The F-16 is powered by the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229 engine, which provides it with exceptional thrust-to-weight ratio. This engine allows the aircraft to perform dynamic maneuvers, even in adverse weather. The powerful engine combined with the aircraft’s aerodynamic design ensures that the F-16 can maintain high speeds, agile turns, and rapid climbs, whether flying in freezing conditions, high winds, or clear skies. This maneuverability allows the fighter to evade threats and engage in high-intensity combat in any weather conditions. In harsh weather environments, such as the snowy conditions witnessed in Fort Wayne, the aircraft’s deicing and anti-icing systems come into play. These systems are critical for preventing ice build-up on the wings and critical flight surfaces, which can be detrimental to aircraft performance and safety. These features allow pilots to confidently operate in frigid temperatures and winter conditions without compromising mission success.

The F-16’s ability to conduct precision strikes in low-visibility conditions is another vital aspect of its all-weather combat capability. When coupled with advanced targeting pods such as the LANTIRN (Low-Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night) system, the F-16 can identify, lock onto, and engage ground targets in virtually any weather or at night. The LANTIRN system provides pilots with a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) capability, enhancing targeting accuracy during poor visibility, such as fog, rain, and nighttime conditions. Furthermore, its GPS-guided bombs and laser-guided missiles add to the fighter’s precision, allowing it to conduct surgical strikes even during nighttime operations. The F-16’s integration with these advanced weapon systems makes it indispensable in modern-day combat scenarios, where precise targeting is critical for minimizing collateral damage and achieving mission objectives.

The F-16's performance in diverse weather conditions is not only theoretical. The aircraft has been battle-tested in various operational theaters worldwide, from the deserts of the Middle East to the frigid airspace over Europe. Its adaptability to different environments and combat roles has made it a cornerstone of many air forces, including the U.S. Air Force, NATO forces, and numerous allied nations. For example, during the NATO-led operations in the Balkans, the F-16 demonstrated its ability to perform close air support missions under adverse weather conditions, showcasing its reliability even in challenging environments. In the Gulf War, the F-16 excelled in day and night interdiction missions, proving its value as an all-weather fighter capable of rapid deployment and sustained combat operations.

The F-16 Fighting Falcon, as evidenced by its operations during the first snowfall in Fort Wayne, stands as a model of engineering excellence and versatility. Its ability to perform in all weather conditions, from snowstorms to clear skies, is a testament to its advanced systems and combat capabilities. Whether performing air-to-air combat, precision strikes, or reconnaissance, the F-16 is a multirole fighter that ensures mission success during both day and night. With a combination of advanced avionics, powerful engines, and all-weather systems, the F-16 remains a formidable force in modern air combat operations, continuing to deliver results regardless of environmental challenges.
Analysis: Chinese J-35 vs US F-35 Fighter Jet: Can China’s Stealth Fighter Challenge America's Dominance?
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In the world of fifth-generation fighter jets, stealth capabilities are often considered the defining characteristic, influencing an aircraft's ability to penetrate enemy airspace undetected and engage in precision strikes without exposing itself to advanced radar systems. The Chinese J-35, designed primarily for carrier operations, is emerging as a key player, with stealth technology that closely mirrors—and in some areas may even rival—the renowned F-35 Lightning II. But could the J-35’s stealth outpace that of the F-35 and establish China as a formidable competitor? Let's explore this in-depth.
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Chinese J-35 and US F-35 Stealth Fighters Representing a New Era of Air Superiority Rivalry (Picture source: Wikimedia)

At first glance, the J-35 shares notable design elements with the F-35, particularly in terms of its shape and external features optimized for low observability. The J-35 is built with angular surfaces, internal weapons bays, and a reduced radar cross-section (RCS) to evade detection by enemy radar systems, much like the F-35. However, the devil is in the details when it comes to stealth, and there are several areas where the J-35 may have an edge over its American counterpart.

The F-35 is designed with a focus on a low RCS across a broad range of radar frequencies. It utilizes a combination of radar-absorbent materials (RAM) and geometrically optimized surfaces to scatter incoming radar waves. The F-35 has been highly effective in reducing its RCS, reportedly measuring as low as 0.001 m² in some configurations, making it highly difficult to detect, even by advanced long-range radar systems. In contrast, the J-35, while still under development and shrouded in some secrecy, is believed to also employ advanced radar-absorbent materials and stealth geometry similar to the F-35. However, given the design’s heavier reliance on features such as twin engines and a more compact, somewhat bulkier airframe, it’s plausible that the J-35's RCS could be slightly higher than that of the F-35, but still within the radar-evading threshold for operational stealth fighters. The Chinese aircraft might also employ a different combination of RAM materials, potentially yielding a more efficient stealth signature, although this remains speculative without full technical details.

Infrared signature (IR) is a critical aspect of stealth, as modern IR sensors can track hot engine exhausts even if radar is defeated. The F-35 utilizes a divertless supersonic inlet (DSI) and tailored exhaust nozzles that reduce the aircraft’s heat signature by dispersing engine exhaust and allowing for less detection from infrared systems. This gives the F-35 an edge in stealth, particularly in high-threat environments with advanced IR tracking.

The J-35 features a twin-engine configuration, which, while offering improved thrust and reliability for carrier operations, may inherently produce a larger infrared signature than the single-engine F-35. However, the J-35 could potentially employ more advanced heat-dissipation techniques and exhaust management similar to the Russian Su-57 or the F-22, aimed at minimizing the thermal footprint. It’s still unclear how successful these efforts are in keeping the J-35 competitive in terms of IR stealth against the F-35, which has undergone years of refinement in this area.

The J-35, China’s next-generation stealth fighter, is designed with advanced stealth technology that aims to rival the F-35 in several key aspects, though there are notable differences in their designs and capabilities. (Picture source Wikimedia)

One of the defining features of the J-35 is its design for carrier-based operations, which influences its stealth characteristics. Unlike land-based stealth fighters, which can be optimized for a broad range of missions, carrier-based fighters face unique challenges such as the need for rapid takeoff and landing in highly contested areas. Carrier-based fighters are often required to fly at lower altitudes to avoid detection and to make the most of the ship’s radar coverage. At such altitudes, the ability to avoid detection by ground-based radar becomes crucial. The J-35’s stealth, therefore, needs to be fine-tuned for both high-altitude and low-altitude performance, which could give it an advantage over the F-35 in specific combat scenarios, particularly in naval or anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) environments.

Both the U.S. F-35 and Chinese J-35 use internal weapons bays to preserve their stealth profile while carrying air-to-air and air-to-ground munitions. The J-35’s weapons bay appears to be optimally designed for its naval role, with the ability to carry a variety of munitions without sacrificing stealth. It is possible that the J-35, with its tailored design for naval warfare, might have an edge in its ability to carry heavier payloads at lower radar visibility compared to the F-35, which is optimized for a wider range of missions, including multi-role land-based strike operations.

While stealth geometry and materials are critical to evading radar detection, sensor fusion—the integration of multiple sensor feeds into a cohesive operating picture—plays an equally vital role in modern fifth-generation fighters. The F-35 is widely praised for its cutting-edge sensor fusion capabilities, combining data from its radar, infrared sensors, and electronic warfare systems into a single, easy-to-interpret display. This allows the pilot to detect and track targets while remaining virtually undetectable. The J-35 is expected to incorporate a similar suite of sensors, including active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, infrared search and track (IRST) systems, and electronic warfare (EW) capabilities. Chinese advancements in sensor technology could give the J-35 a level of sensor fusion comparable to that of the F-35, with a strong emphasis on jamming and electronic countermeasures to disrupt adversary radar systems and improve survivability in contested environments. If China has indeed improved its sensor fusion capabilities beyond those of the F-35, the J-35 could potentially achieve stealth with enhanced situational awareness, making it even more difficult to target or intercept.

The J-35’s stealth capabilities also need to be understood in the context of China’s growing military and naval strategy. China has heavily invested in creating a comprehensive A2/AD network, with a combination of surface-to-air missiles, anti-ship ballistic missiles, and radar systems designed to challenge and deter U.S. and allied forces in the Indo-Pacific region. In such a theater, stealth capabilities are not just about evading detection—they are about surviving and operating in a contested, highly monitored environment. The J-35’s stealth could prove to be a key factor in allowing the PLAN to project power in the South China Sea, East China Sea, and beyond, particularly when operating in conjunction with China’s anti-access/area denial strategy. By pairing the J-35 with advanced long-range anti-ship missiles and advanced radar jamming systems, China may have developed a stealth aircraft capable of penetrating U.S. missile defense systems and radar networks—potentially giving it a decisive edge in regional conflicts where U.S. and allied forces rely on radar-based detection.

The U.S. F-35 and Chinese J-35 both incorporate advanced stealth technologies aimed at reducing their visibility to radar and infrared detection systems. Still, several key differences in their designs and capabilities reflect their distinct origins and operational goals. (Picture source Wikimedia)

While the American F-35 remains the benchmark for stealth in the fifth-generation fighter category, the J-35’s potential stealth capabilities should not be underestimated. Despite differences in design, including the J-35's twin-engine layout, China has seemingly leveraged cutting-edge materials, advanced infrared management, and possibly superior sensor fusion to craft a formidable stealth fighter. Should these technological advancements prove effective, the J-35 could indeed surpass the F-35 in specific areas, particularly in terms of its low-altitude stealth performance and integration with China’s expanding naval capabilities.

The global military balance is shifting, and with the J-35, China is clearly signaling that it intends to challenge U.S. air dominance not just on land but in the contested skies above the seas. Whether the J-35 can fully match or even surpass the F-35’s stealth capabilities in every domain remains to be seen, but it is certainly a fighter that demands attention from military analysts and defense planners around the world.
Analysis: F-22 Raptor is the US Air Force's primary stealth fighter jet for air dominance
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The American Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, a fifth-generation fighter jet, is widely regarded as one of the most advanced air superiority platforms in the world. Serving as a cornerstone of U.S. Air Force capabilities since its introduction, the F-22 continues to evolve in response to emerging threats, ensuring it remains at the forefront of modern aerial warfare. Built to combine stealth, supercruise, advanced avionics, and superior weaponry, the F-22’s enduring importance lies in its ability to achieve and maintain air dominance.
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The F-22 Raptor soared through the sky, showcasing its unmatched speed and agility as the U.S. Air Force's premier stealth fighter for air dominance. (Picture source: U.S. DoD)

Developed by Lockheed Martin with significant contributions from Boeing and General Dynamics, the F-22 Raptor was designed to meet the U.S. Air Force's needs for a next-generation fighter to outpace, outmaneuver, and outfight any enemy aircraft. Its development was initiated in the late 1980s under the Advanced Tactical Fighter (ATF) program, with the aircraft first entering service in 2005. Despite the end of its production in 2009, the F-22 remains a critical component of the U.S. Air Force's combat force structure, with a mission that is still evolving.

The F-22's combination of speed, stealth, and combat effectiveness made it an invaluable asset during its initial years of service. However, the aircraft’s design was always intended to be adaptable. Raytheon and other contractors have continuously upgraded the F-22’s systems to ensure it remains relevant in a rapidly changing threat environment. The F-22 Raptor’s air superiority capabilities are fundamentally linked to its combination of advanced technology, including its radar-absorbing design and integrated avionics suite.

One of the F-22's most remarkable features is its stealth capability. The aircraft was engineered with a low radar cross-section, allowing it to evade detection by enemy radar systems. This capability gives the F-22 a critical edge in hostile airspaces, allowing it to operate in contested environments where adversaries might otherwise have the advantage.

But stealth alone is not enough to dominate the skies. The F-22 also features cutting-edge sensor systems that provide superior situational awareness. As noted by Raytheon, the F-22 integrates a wide array of sensors to gather real-time intelligence, from radar to electronic warfare systems. This information is processed by the aircraft's onboard computer systems, which enable pilots to make informed, split-second decisions during combat.

To stay ahead of emerging threats, Raytheon has continued to enhance the F-22's cockpit technologies, ensuring that pilots can process vast amounts of data and react rapidly. In particular, the F-22's mission systems are designed to complement each other, increasing both intelligence gathering and the pilot’s ability to act quickly based on that information.

As mission parameters evolve rapidly, the need for sophisticated data processing becomes even more pressing. F-22 Raptor pilots must have access to accurate, actionable information to assess the threat environment and make decisions that enable them to maintain dominance. Thanks to these ongoing technological advancements, the F-22's cockpit is evolving to meet these demands and remain effective in high-intensity operations.

While stealth and sensors are critical to the F-22's air dominance, the aircraft’s weaponry further enhances its ability to control the skies. Raytheon’s AIM-120 AMRAAM (Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile) plays a central role in the F-22's arsenal. This missile, considered one of the most effective air-to-air missiles in the world, has been continually upgraded to meet evolving combat needs. With the F-22’s Form, Fit, Function Refresh (F3R) program, the AMRAAM has seen improvements that increase its processing power, extend its range, and enhance its guidance system. These upgrades ensure that the AMRAAM can engage targets at even greater distances, allowing the F-22 to strike first and maintain an advantageous position in combat.

As John “Clyde” Thayer, a Raytheon veteran with 22 years of experience in the U.S. Air Force, explained, the F-22’s ability to fire an AMRAAM missile from an advantageous position—followed by immediate evasion and re-engagement—offers unparalleled flexibility in combat scenarios. With an advanced guidance system that continues to be refined, the AMRAAM can operate autonomously, freeing up the F-22 to maneuver quickly and avoid retaliation.

In addition to the AMRAAM, the F-22 is also equipped with the AIM-9X SIDEWINDER missile, which provides the pilot with a close-range, highly effective weapon for dogfights and other near-range engagements. These two missiles, along with the aircraft's ability to launch them without being detected, ensure that the F-22 remains a powerful force in both long- and short-range aerial engagements.

Despite its advanced design, the F-22’s continued relevance is due in large part to ongoing upgrades and modernization programs. The F3R initiative has been a major step in refreshing the F-22’s air-to-air capabilities. With a goal of extending the service life of the aircraft, Raytheon is ramping up production of AMRAAM missiles to ensure that the F-22 will be fully equipped for years to come. In fact, Raytheon aims to produce 1,200 AMRAAMs per year, which will bolster the F-22’s ability to carry out air dominance missions and engage adversary aircraft with greater precision and reach.

These ongoing advancements highlight the Air Force's commitment to keeping the F-22 ready for future conflicts. The introduction of next-generation sensor technologies, upgrades to avionics systems, and weapon enhancements ensure that the F-22 is not only capable of fighting today’s threats but is also prepared for the challenges of tomorrow's contested battlespaces.

The F-22 Raptor’s combination of stealth, situational awareness, and unmatched air-to-air capabilities solidifies its place as a key component in the U.S. Air Force's arsenal. Its role in achieving air dominance—the ability to control the skies—is more important than ever, especially as adversaries develop new technologies to challenge U.S. military superiority. The F-22’s ongoing upgrades, including the improvements to its cockpit and weaponry, ensure that it remains a critical asset for ensuring the security of the United States and its allies.

As air threats evolve, so too will the F-22 Raptor. Its ability to integrate cutting-edge technologies, maintain stealth, and carry out complex air-to-air and air-to-ground missions means that it will remain a cornerstone of U.S. air superiority well into the future. For the U.S. Air Force, the F-22 Raptor represents not only the best of today’s capabilities but also a powerful platform that will continue to evolve to meet the challenges of tomorrow’s conflicts.
China's Chengdu J-20 and FC-31 Fighter Jets Emerge as Rivals to US F-35 in Military Aviation Advancement
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China's advancements in defense aviation have led to the development of aircraft capable of rivaling the US F-35 Lightning II, with the Chengdu J-20 and the Shenyang FC-31 standing out as the primary contenders.
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The Chinese J-20 and FC-31 fighter jets are the main rivals of the American F-35. (Picture source: U.S. DoD and Wikimedia)

The Chengdu J-20, known as the "Mighty Dragon," represents China’s foray into fifth-generation fighter technology. Entering service in 2017, the J-20 boasts advanced stealth capabilities designed to evade radar detection, which is critical for modern air combat. Its stealth features and internally carried weapons make it difficult for enemy systems to detect and target. The J-20 incorporates a canard-delta configuration, which aids in achieving both agility and low observability. Its airframe is designed to minimize radar cross-sections extensively using radar-absorbent materials and angled surfaces. Initially powered by Russian AL-31F engines, the J-20 is transitioning to the indigenous WS-10C engines, and eventually, the WS-15 engine is expected to provide supercruise capability (sustained supersonic flight without afterburners).

The J-20 twin engines provide substantial speed and maneuverability, essential for evasion and close-quarters dogfighting. Equipped with advanced avionics, such as an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar, the J-20 excels in tracking and targeting adversaries. The avionics suite includes advanced data links for network-centric warfare, infrared search and track (IRST) systems, and electronic warfare capabilities, enhancing its situational awareness and survivability in contested environments. The J-20's design also incorporates long-range strike capabilities, allowing it to engage targets from significant distances, which is crucial for modern air dominance. The aircraft's weapons bays can carry a variety of air-to-air missiles, such as the PL-15 long-range missile and PL-10 short-range missile, providing versatility in combat engagements.

The J-20 is China's advanced fifth-generation stealth fighter jet. (Picture source Wikimedia)

In addition to the J-20, the Shenyang FC-31, known as the "Gyrfalcon," or J-31, is another significant player in China’s aerial strategy. Although still in the development and testing phase, the FC-31 aims to offer a competitive alternative to the F-35, especially regarding export potential. The FC-31 features a stealth design with a reduced radar cross-section and internal weapons bays, enhancing its ability to remain undetected. The aircraft utilizes a twin-engine configuration with Russian RD-93 engines, although future iterations might include Chinese-made engines for improved performance. Its aerodynamic design focuses on stealth and agility, making it suitable for various combat roles.

The FC-31 is engineered to perform multiple roles, from air superiority missions to ground attacks, showcasing its versatility. This multirole functionality, coupled with its potential affordability, makes the FC-31 an attractive option for countries looking to modernize their air forces without the high costs associated with the F-35. The FC-31 has modern avionics, including AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array)radar, advanced electronic warfare systems, and data links for network-centric operations. It can carry a range of weapons in its internal bays, such as the PL-15 and PL-10 missiles, similar to the J-20, enhancing its combat effectiveness.

Both the J-20 and FC-31 exemplify China’s commitment to advancing its military aviation capabilities. The J-20, with its stealth, speed, and advanced systems, presents a direct challenge to the F-35’s air superiority. Meanwhile, the FC-31, aimed at providing a versatile and cost-effective alternative, underscores China's strategic push to expand its influence through military exports. Together, these aircraft highlight the dynamic and competitive landscape of modern aerial warfare, as China seeks to match and potentially surpass the technological edge traditionally held by the United States.

The FC-31 is China's multirole stealth fighter jet designed for export. (Picture source Wikimedia)

The American F-35 Lightning II, developed by Lockheed Martin, offers several technical advantages over the Chinese J-20 and FC-31, solidifying its status as a premier fifth-generation fighter. One of the most significant advantages is its advanced stealth technology. The F-35’s design incorporates radar-absorbent materials and a unique airframe shape, significantly reducing its radar cross-section. This stealth capability is enhanced by the aircraft's sophisticated software that manages emissions and ensures minimal detectability. In comparison, while the J-20 and FC-31 also feature stealth designs, the F-35’s integrated approach to stealth, combined with its extensive testing and refinement, gives it an edge in remaining undetected in highly contested environments.

Another critical advantage of the F-35 is its advanced sensor and avionics suite. The aircraft has the AN/APG-81 AESA radar, which provides superior tracking, targeting, and electronic warfare capabilities. The Distributed Aperture System (DAS) gives the F-35 360-degree situational awareness, allowing pilots to detect and engage threats from any direction. The Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS) integrates targeting, infrared search and track, and laser designation capabilities. This comprehensive sensor fusion system surpasses the capabilities found in the J-20 and FC-31, providing F-35 pilots with unparalleled situational awareness and combat effectiveness.

The F-35 also benefits from its advanced electronic warfare and communication systems. The aircraft's mission systems, developed with extensive interoperability in mind, enable seamless integration with allied forces. The F-35’s ability to gather, process, and share information in real-time provides a decisive tactical advantage. This network-centric warfare capability ensures F-35 pilots can make more informed decisions faster than their adversaries. In contrast, while the J-20 and FC-31 have made strides in electronic warfare and data link technologies, the F-35’s comprehensive and mature systems integration sets it apart.

Moreover, the F-35 boasts superior versatility and multirole capabilities. Designed to perform a wide range of missions, from air superiority and ground attack to intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), the F-35 excels in various combat scenarios. Its capability to operate from conventional runways, aircraft carriers, and short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) environments further enhances its operational flexibility. The J-20, primarily designed for air superiority and long-range strike, and the FC-31, aimed at providing a multirole platform for export, do not match the F-35’s comprehensive mission adaptability and deployment options.

Regarding logistics and sustainment, the F-35’s advanced Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS) streamlines maintenance and operational planning, ensuring higher availability and lower lifecycle costs. This system provides predictive maintenance capabilities and comprehensive fleet management, crucial for sustained operations. While China is undoubtedly working on improving the maintenance and support infrastructure for the J-20 and FC-31, the F-35’s established and sophisticated logistics framework provides a significant operational advantage.
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