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Patriot
MIM-104 surface-to-air defense missile system |
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The
MIM-104 Patriot is a surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, the primary
of its kind used by the United States Army and several allied nations.
Patriot uses an advanced aerial interceptor missile and high performance
radar systems. The Patriot system is modular and highly mobile. A battery-sized
element can be emplaced in less than 1 hour. Patriot systems have been
sold to Taiwan, Egypt, Germany, Greece, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, the Netherlands,
Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Spain. Poland hosts a battery
of Patriot launchers in Morag since 24 May 2010. The system will be
integrated into the Polish air defence system until 2012. The Republic
of Korea is also in the process of purchasing several second-hand Patriot
systems after North Korea test-launched ballistic missiles to the Sea
of Japan and proceeded with underground nuclear testing in 2006. The
role of the PATRIOT is to defend against airborne threats as part of
an integrated air and missile defence system. Notable characteristics
of the PATRIOT system include a short response time, the ability to
engage multiple targets simultaneously, good ground mobility, and the
ability to resist electronic jamming. The first PATRIOT air defence
systems were deployed by U.S. Forces in the mid-1980s. During the first
Gulf War, it was used to defend against the Iraqi Scud missile threat.
The PATRIOT system has evolved over the years as the threat has changed
and technology has advanced. The current PATRIOT variants are equipped
with advanced interceptor missiles and high performance radar systems.
PATRIOT stands for “Phased Array Tracking Radar to Intercept on
Target”. The role of the PATRIOT is to defend against airborne
threats as part of an integrated air and missile defence system. Notable
characteristics of the PATRIOT system include a short response time,
the ability to engage multiple targets simultaneously, good ground mobility,
and the ability to resist electronic jamming. The first PATRIOT air
defence systems were deployed by U.S. Forces in the mid-1980s. During
the first Gulf War, it was used to defend against the Iraqi Scud missile
threat. The PATRIOT system has evolved over the years as the threat
has changed and technology has advanced. The current PATRIOT variants
are equipped with advanced interceptor missiles and high performance
radar systems. PATRIOT stands for “Phased Array Tracking Radar
to Intercept on Target”.
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| Variants |
MIM-104A:
MIM-104B (PAC-1):
MIM-104C (PAC-2):
MIM-104D (PAC-2-GEM)
MILM-104F (PAC-3):
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| Technical
Data |
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| Missile
launcher |
The
system's missiles are transported on and launched from the M901
Launching Station, which can carry up to four PAC-2 missiles
or up to sixteen PAC-3 missiles.. Each launcher has four missiles.
Each container-launcher box is 6.1 m long, 1.09 m wide and 0.99
m high. Weight empty is 794 kg and loaded 1,696 kg.
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| Missile |
The
Patriot missile is equipped with a track-via-missile (TVM) guidance
system. Midcourse correction commands are transmitted to the
guidance system from the mobile engagement control centre. The
target acquisition system in the missile acquires the target
in the terminal phase of flight and transmits the data using
the TVM downlink via the ground radar to the engagement control
station for final course correction calculations. The course
correction commands are transmitted to the missile via the missile
track command uplink. The high-explosive 90kg warhead is situated
behind the terminal guidance section. The range of the missile
is 70km and maximum altitude is greater than 24km. The minimum
flight time is the time to arm the missile, which is less than
nine seconds, and the maximum flight time is less than three
and a half minutes.
The latest generation of Patriot launcher uses the PAC-3 missile
produced by the Company Lockheed Martin. The PAC-3 Missile is
a high velocity interceptor that defeats incoming targets by
direct, body-to-body impact. PAC-3 Missiles, when deployed in
a Patriot battery, will significantly increase the Patriot system's
firepower, since 16 PAC-3s load-out on a Patriot launcher, compared
with four of the legacy Patriot PAC-2 missiles. One hundred
percent effective in Operation Iraqi Freedom, PAC-3 Missiles
are now deployed with U.S. and allied forces.
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| Mobility |
The
Patriot missile container are mounted ton on M860 semi-trailers,
which are towed by M983 HEMTTs. The Heavy Expanded Mobility
Tactical Truck (HEMTT) provides transport capabilities for re-supply
of combat vehicles and weapons systems. There are five basic
configurations of the HEMTT series trucks: M977 cargo truck
with Material Handling Crane (MHC), M978 2500 gallon fuel tanker,
M984 wrecker, M983 tractor and M985 cargo truck with MHC. The
M983 truck uses an 8x8 chassis and is powered by a Detroit Diesel,
MUI, 8V-92TA, V-8 2-stroke litre diesel developing 445 hp at
2,100 rpm. The M860 semi-trailer is tracted by the M983 HEMTT
truck, the missiles containers are mounted on the back side
of the trailer. The M860 trailer is a two-axle trailerwith turntable
steering on which the turntable steering has an automatic locking
feature to aid in reversing operations.
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| Command
and control vehicles |
The Patriot system has four major operational functions: communications,
command and control, radar surveillance, and missile guidance.
The four functions combine to provide a coordinated, secure,
integrated, mobile air defense system.
A battery has six major components: a power plant, radar set,
an engagement control station, launcher stations, the antenna
mast group, and the interceptors (missiles) themselves.
- The Radar Set provides detection and tracking of targets as
well as fire control. The phased array radar helps guide interceptors
to their intended targets and is resistant to jamming.
- The Engagement Control Station calculates trajectories for
interceptors and controls the launching sequence. As such, it
communicates with the launcher stations and other PATRIOT batteries.
It is the only manned station in a PATRIOT fire unit.
- The Launcher Stations transport and protect the interceptors
(missiles) and provide the platform for the physical launch
of the missile.
- The Antenna Mast Group is the main communications backbone
for the Patriot unit.
- The Interceptor Missiles: PAC-2 is a proximity fusing missile,
whereas PAC-3 has been specifically designed to intercept and
destroy missiles by impacting them directly with kinetic energy
- “Hit-to-Kill” technology.
The command and control vehicles of Patriot battery is the fire
control section, consisting of the AN/MPQ-53
or -65 Radar Set, the AN/MSQ-104
Engagement Control Station (ECS), the OE-349 Antenna Mast Group
(AMG), and the EPP-III Electric Power Plant. The radar is mounted
on M860 semi-trailers, which are towed by M983 HEMTTs. A Patriot
battalion is also equipped with the Information Coordination
Central (ICC), a command station designed to coordinate the
launches of a battalion and uplink Patriot to the JTIDS or MIDS
network. The missile is reloaded by M985E1 truck with a crane
on the back.
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| Combat
Use |
| Once
the PATRIOT missile is launched, it will be tracked by the phased
array radar set. As the interceptor missile approaches the target,
its active seeker will steer the missile to the target. A PAC-2
Patriot missile will detonate in the vicinity of the threat missile
whereas a PAC-3 will seek to impact the warhead of the threat
ballistic missile. |
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| Specifications |
| Back
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Armament |
| Long-range,
all-altitude, all-weather air defence system. |
Armament |
| Four
Patriot missiles |
Country
users |
| Germany,
Poland, Greece, Netherlands, Spain, United States,
Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Taiwan,
South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Japan
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Head
Wight |
| 90
kg
a
a
a |
Explosive |
M248
Composition B HE blast/fragmentation with two
layers of pre-formed fragments and Octol 75/25
HE blast/fragmentation
a |
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Weight
missile |
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900
kg |
Lenght
missile |
5.8
m |
Range
missile |
70
km
a
a |
Guidance
system |
passive
electronically scanned array radar equipped
with IFF, electronic counter-countermeasure
(ECCM), and track-via-missile (TVM) guidance
subsystems. |
Radar |
AN/MPQ-53
or -65 Radar Set, the AN/MSQ-104 Engagement
Control Station (ECS), the OE-349 Antenna Mast
Group (AMG), and the EPP-III Electric Power
Plant. |
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| AN/MSQ-104
Control Station |
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Video
Patriot MIM-104 surface-to-air defense missile system
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