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HAWK
MIM-23 low to medium altitude ground-to-air missile system |
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The
HAWK (Homing All the Way Killer) MIM-23 is an all-weather low to medium
altitude ground-to-air missile system developed and designed by the
American Defence Company Raytheon. The HAWK semi-active radar seeking
medium-range SAM system commenced development in 1952 with the US Army
awarding a full-scale development contract to Raytheon for the missile
in July 1954. Northrop was to provide the launcher and loader, radars
and fire control. The first guided test firing took place in June 1956
with the development phase completed in July 1957. Initial Operational
Capability (IOC) of the Basic HAWK, MIM-23A, took place in August 1960
when the first US Army battalion was activated. In 1959, a NATO Memorandum
of Understanding (MoU) was signed for NATO HAWK between France, Italy,
the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and the US for co-production of the
system in Europe. In addition, special grant aid arrangements were made
to deliver European-built systems to Spain, Greece and Denmark and direct
sale arrangements of US-built systems were made with Japan, Israel and
Sweden. The Japanese sale soon expanded into a country-to-country co-production
agreement with production initiated in 1968. In the same region, the
US also made grant aid deliveries of HAWK to Taiwan and South Korea.
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| Variants |
- HAWK
Phase I: Phase I involved replacement of the CWAR with the
AN/MPQ-55 Improved CWAR (ICWAR), and the upgrade of the AN/MPQ-50 PAR
to Improved PAR (IPAR) configuration by the addition of a digital MTI
(Moving Target Indicator). The first PIP Phase I systems were fielded
between 1979 and 1981.
- HAWK Phase II: Developed from 1978 and fielded between
1983 and 1986. upgraded the AN/MPQ-46 HPI to AN/MPQ-57 standard by replacing
some of the vacuum tube based electronics with modern solid-state circuits,
and added an optical TAS (Tracking Adjunct System). The TAS, designated
OD-179/TVY, is an electro-optical (TV) tracking system that increases
Hawk operability and survivability in a high-ECM environment.
- HAWK Phase III: The PIP Phase III development was
started in 1983, and was first fielded by U. S. forces in 1989. Phase
III was a major upgrade which significantly enhanced the computer hardware
and software for most components of the system, a new CWAR the AN/MPQ-62,
added single-scan target detection capability, and upgraded the HPI
to AN/MPQ-61 standard by addition of a Low-Altitude Simultaneous Hawk
Engagement (LASHE) system. LASHE allows the Hawk system to counter saturation
attacks by simultaneously intercepting multiple low-level targets. The
ROR was phased out in Phase III Hawk units. |
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| Technical
Data |
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| Design |
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The Hawk system consists of a large number of component elements.
These elements were typically fitted on wheeled trailers making
the system semi-mobile. The Hawk missile is transported and
launched from the M192 towed triple-missile launcher. A self
propelled Hawk launcher, the SP-Hawk, was fielded in 1969, which
simply mounted the launcher on a tracked M727 (modified M548),
however the project was dropped and all activity terminated
in August 1971.
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| Missile |
The missile
is propelled by a dual thrust motor, with a boost phase and
a sustain phase. The MIM-23A missiles were fitted with an
M22E8 motor which burns for 25 to 32 seconds. The MIM-23B
and later missiles are fitted with an M112 motor with a 5
second boost phase and a sustain phase of around 21 seconds.
The M112 motor has greater thrust, thus increasing the engagement
envelope. The Hawk missile has a slender cylindrical body
and four long chord clipped delta-wings, extending from mid-body
to the slightly tapered boat-tail. Each wing has a trailing-edge
control surface. The MIM-23A has a minimum engagement range
of 2 kilometres , a maximum range of 25 km, a minimum engagement
altitude of 60 metres, a maximum engagement altitude of 11,000
m and a warhead of 54 kg HE blast/fragmentation.
The MIM-23B has has a minimum engagement range of 1.5 kilometres,
a maximum range of 35 km, a minimum engagement altitude of
60 metres, a maximum engagement altitude of 18,000 m and a
warhead of 75 kg HE blast/fragmentation. Other improved missiles
are also available as the MIM-23C, MIM-23D, MIM-23E/F, MIM-23G/H,
MIM-23K/J and MIM-23L/M.
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| Radar
and control systems |
The
latest version of Hawk Phase-III battery consists of:
- One PAR Pulse Acquisition Radar AN/MPQ-50:
The PAR is the primary source of high- to medium-altitude aircraft
detection for the battery. The C-band frequency allows the radar
to perform in an all-weather environment. The radar incorporates
a digital MTI to provide sensitive target detection in high-clutter
areas and a staggered pulse repetition rate to minimise the
effects of blind speeds. The PAR also includes several ECCM
features and uses off the air tuning of the transmitter. In
the Phase III configuration the PAR is not modified.
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One Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar (CWAR): This
X Band Continuous wave system AN/MPQ-55 is used to detect targets.
The unit comes mounted on its own mobile trailer. The unit acquires
targets through 360 degrees of azimuth while providing target
radial speed and raw range data.
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One HPIR High Power Illuminating Radar: The early AN/MPQ-46
High Power Illuminator (HPIR) radars had only the two large
dish-type antennas side by side, one to transmit and one to
receive. The HPIR automatically acquires and tracks designated
targets in azimuth, elevation and range. It also serves as an
interface unit supplying azimuth and elevation launch angles
computed by the Automatic Data Processor (ADP) in the Information
Coordination Centre (ICC) to the IBCC or the Improved Platoon
Command Post (IPCP) for up to three launchers. |
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One ROR Range Only Radar: Pulse radar (AN/MPQ-37 or
AN/MPQ-51 Phase II) that automatically comes into operation
if the HPIR radar cannot determine the range, typically because
of jamming. The ROR is difficult to jam because it operates
only briefly during the engagement, and only in the presence
of jamming. |
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BCC Battery Control Central: The BCC provides the facilities
for the man/machine interface. The Tactical Control Officer
(TCO) is in command of all the BCC operations and maintains
tactical control over all engagement sequences. The TCO monitors
all functions and has the authority and facilities to enable
or pre-empt any engagement or change established priorities.
The tactical control assistant assists the TCO in detection,
identification, evaluation and co-ordination with higher commands.
The tactical control console gives these two operators the necessary
target and battery status information and controls required. |
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ICC Information Coordination Central: The ICC is the
fire-control data processing and operational communications
centre for the battery. It provides rapid and consistent reaction
to critical targets. Automatic detection, threat ordering, the
IFF (Identification Friend or Foe Transceiver) followed by automatic
target assignment and launch functions are provided by the ICC.
The ICC contains an ADP (Automatic Data Processor) , IFF, and
battery terminal equipment and communications equipment. The
ADP comprises an Electronic Data Processor (EDP) and a Data
Take-Off unit (DTO). The DTO forms the interface between the
other system equipment and EDP. With the exception of inputs
from a solid-state reader and outputs to a printer, all communications
with the ECP are through the DTO. The EDP is a militarised,
general purpose digital computer especially adapted to this
role. |
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Platoon Command Post PCP: The PCP is used as the fire-control
centre and command post for the AFU (Assault Fire Unit). It
can also be used to replace an ICC. The PCP provides manual
and automatic target processing, IFF, intra-unit, intra-battery
and army air defence command post communications and the displays
and fire-control equipment for the three-man crew. It is essentially
an ICC with tactical display and engagement control console,
a central communications unit, status indicator panel and an
automatic data processor. The tactical display and engagement
control console provides the man/machine interface for the AFP
(Assault Fire Platoon). |
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M192 Launcher unit (LCHR): LCHR supports up to three
ready to fire missiles and is activated only on the initiation
of the fire cycle. When the fire button is activated in the
BCC or PCP, several launcher functions occur simultaneously:
the launcher slew's to designated azimuth and elevation angles,
power is supplied to activate the missile gyros, electronic
and hydraulic systems, the launcher activates the missile motor
and launches the missile. The launcher is equipped with electronic
cut outs and sensing circuits that allow firing in all emplacement
situations. |
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| Combat
use |
| The
Hawk system consists of seven major components. Its Information
Coordination Central (ICC) and Battery Control Central (BCC)
perform critical command and control functions, including automatic
data processing, friend or foe identification, and digital voice
and data communications. The Pulse Acquisition Radar (PAR) AN/MPQ-35
or AN/MPQ-50 (Hawk phase II), a search radar with a 20 rpm rotation,
for high/medium altitude target detection. Continuous Wave and
Pulse Acquisition Radars (CWAR) AN/MPQ-34 or AN/MPQ-55 (Hawk
phase II) provide low-to-medium-altitude target detection, while
the High Power Illuminator tracks and illuminates targets (HIPIR)
AN/MPQ-33-39 or AN/MPQ-46 (Hawk phase I) or AN/MPQ-57 (Hawk
Phase II) or AN/PQ-61 (Hawk phase III). The Hawk missile performs
the target kill function, providing a formidable defense against
fixed and rotary wing aircraft, cruise missiles, and short-range
tactical ballistic missiles. The launchers, in addition to their
missile aiming function, support pre-launch commands and transport
the missiles in tactical situations.
A typical HAWK battery consists of 1 PAR Radar, 1 CWAR Radar,
2 HPIR radars, 1 ROR Radar, 1 ICC Information Coordination Central,
one BCC Battery Control Central, one AFCC Asault Fire Command
Console, one PCP Platoon Command Post, two launcher section
controls and six M192 launcher units with 18 missiles.
Phase III HAWK battery consists of one PAR radar, one CWAR radar,
2 HIPIR radars, one FDC Fire Distribution Center, one IFF Identification
Friend or Foe Transceiver, six DLN: Digital Launchers with 18
missiles.
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| Specifications |
| Back
to top |
Type |
| Low
to medium altitude ground-to-air missile |
Country
users |
| France,
Greece, Iran, Israel,Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Netherlands,
Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Romania, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, Spain, South Korea, Sweden, Taiwan,
Turkey,United Arab Emirates |
Designer
Country |
| United
States
a
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Guidance
system |
| semi-active
radar homing with proportional navigation |
Speed
missile |
Mach
2.7 |
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Propulsion |
| dual-thrust
solid fuel booster sustainer rocket motor |
Launch
Weight |
MIM-23A: 584 kg
MIM-23B: 627.3 kg
a
a |
Warhead
missile |
MIM-23A:
54 kg HE blast/fragmentation
MIM-23B: 75 kg HE blast/fragmentation |
Range |
MIM-23A:
2,000 to 32,000 m
MIM-23B: 1,500 to 40,000 m
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Dimensions
missile |
Length:
5.08 m; Diameter: 0.37 m;Wing span: 1.19 m |
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