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| General
information |
| The
TOR-M1 9A331-1 (NATO code : SA-15 Gauntlet) surface-to-air
missile system is a mobile, integrated air defense
system designed and manufacrured by the The Russian
Defence Industry. The TOR-M1 is intended for effective
defense of troops, civilian and industrial facilities
from current and future air attack weapons, primarily
high-precision weapons, as well as from aircraft,
helicopters, cruise missiles, guided aerial bombs
and remotely piloted vehicles. The basic component
of the system is a combat vehicle mounted on a cross-country
tracked chassis of the intermediate weight category.
The TOR-M1 combat vehicle can detect aerial targets
on the move and launch air defense missiles at two
highest-threat targets from a short halt. The TOR-M1
can be shiped by any type of transport, including
aircraft. The TOR-M1 is capable of operating in
an intensive aerial jamming environment. The
TOR-M1 combat vehicle can operate autonomously,
firing from stationary positions or on the move.
Set-up time is rated at 3 minutes and typical reaction
time, from target detection to missile launch is
5-8 seconds. Reaction time could range from 3.4
seconds for stationary positions to 10 seconds while
on the move. Each fire unit can engage and launch
missiles against two separate targets.
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| Variants
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There
are several modifications of the TOR-M1 system,
such as the TOR-M1T (wheeled chassis mounted systems)
and a stationary version.
- 9K330 "Tor": with the
9M330 missile, minimum range 2 km (1.2 mi), introduced
in 1986
- 9K331 "Tor-M": with
the 9M331 missile, minimum range 1.5 km (0.9 mi),
introduced in 1991, with greatly improved missile
accuracy and the ability to engage two targets simultaneously
- 9K331M "Tor-M1", "Tor-M1T":
with the 9M331 missile, minimum range 1.5 km (0.9
mi)
- 9K332 "Tor-M2", "Tor-MTA",
"Tor-MTB", "Tor-MTS":
with the 9M331 missile and a new surveillance radar,
minimum range 1 km (0.6 mi)
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| Armament
and components |
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The TOR-M1 features a turret with a top
mounted target acquisition radar, and frontal
tracking radar, with 8 ready to fire 9M330
or 9M331 missiles stored vertically between
the two radars. The target acquisition radar
is a 3D F band pulse doppler radar, equipped
with a truncated parabolic antenna, and
a mechanically, later electronically, scanned
in azimuth with a 32 degree sector view
, and has an average power output of 1.5
kW, which provides a maximum detection range
of 25 km/16 mi. The missile is launched
vertically by a power catapult to a height
of 15 - 20 m. It is then turned in the target
direction, and its main solid-propellant
rocket motor gets ignited. There is also
a small antenna on the top of the target
engagement radar to communicate with missiles
after launch.
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| Missile |
| With
a weight of 167 kg, the 9M330 missile is
3.5 m long, carries a 15 kg warhead and
has a peak speed of around Mach 2.8. Utilizing
command guidance and radar controlled proximity
fuzes, the missiles can maneuver at up to
30Gs and engage targets flying at up to
Mach 2. Cold launched, the missiles are
propelled out of the vehicle before the
solid fuel rocket motor fires and the gas-dynamic
maneuvering system turns them toward their
target. Missiles can also be fired against
surface targets. Each missile is a sealed
round, stored in two groups of four. Engagement
range is up to 12 km with minimum range
varying between 100–2000 m, depending
upon version and an effective altitude of
10–6000 m.
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| Vehicle |
TOR-M1
using the 9A330 combat vehicle, which
carries a crew of four (one driver, three
operators), and acts as an autonomous
Transporter, Launcher, And Radar unit.
The three man crew consists of the vehicle
commander, system operator and vehicle
driver, seated at the front of the vehicle
with the large box-like unmanned turret
in the center and the engine compartment
at the rear. The 9A330 is based on the
GM-355 chassis manufactured by MMZ, the
Tor-M1 using the improved GM-5955. The
vehicle suspension consists of six dual
rubber tired roadwheels with the idler
at the front, drive sprocket at the rear
and three return rollers. The TOR-M1 can
run at a maximum road speed of 65 km/h,
for a maximum road range of 500 km.
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| Command
and control vehicles |
| Organizationally,
four combat vehicles of the TOR-M1 air defense
missile system enter into the complement
of an air defense missile battery, which
is the small tactical element. The combat
vehicles are controlled by the 9S737-M Ranzhir
unified battery command post.
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| Specifications |
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Armament |
8
missiles 9M330 or 9M331 |
Country
users |
| Peru,
China, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Iran, Libya,
Myanmar, Russia, Ukraine, Venezuela, Yemen. |
Number
of targets |
Simultaneously
detected: 48
Simultaneously tracked: 10 |
Target
speed |
| 0
- 700 m/s
a |
Crew |
| 3
soldiers |
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Flight
Altitude missile |
6,000
m |
Engagement
range |
12,000
m maximum
a |
Warhead |
15
kg HE fragmentation
a |
Radar |
Top mounted target acquisition
radar, and frontal tracking radar |
Dimensions
on road |
Length,
7,5 m; Width, 3,3 m; Height, 5,1 m |
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